Mlb Advanced Media Case Summar Free Essays

Stephen Sewell MLB Advanced Media Case 1. Significant League Baseball has been an industry chief in the computerized space for athletic diversion, because of the dispatch of Baseball Advanced Media (BAM) in 2009. When the association took off and developed, it started spreading out and offering its substance in an assortment of channels and stages. We will compose a custom paper test on Mlb Advanced Media Case Summar or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now Cautious thought had been given on every one of these stages, however the association believed itself to be a daring person and a first-mover for its industry. Presently, with the dispatch of Apple’s iPad in 2010, BAM was confronted with various and complex issues concerning a BAM application for the gadget. Would they contribute the assets to make an application? Would this application be not the same as existing applications, for example, At Bat for the iPhone and iPod contact? How does this expansion improve the arrangement of contributions, and does this tear apart different wellsprings of income for BAM? 2. BAM has encountered gigantic development since its origin, and has come to be known as an industry head and generally speaking substance conveyance model for others to seek to be. Their substance age prompts expanded incomes and associations, which prompts more highlights and choices, which prompts progressively enthusiastic fans and workers, which prompts more development. This highminded cycle has permitted BAM to accomplish considerable incomes from its four significant sources. The first is their Ticket Sales, which represent 39% of all out incomes. More than 30 million tickets were sold online a year ago (at the hour of the case), which is in excess of 33% of the general baseball participation. This ticket deal strength developed considerably with the procurement of Tickets. com, and a five-year organization with Stubhub. com. Through these mediums, MLB and BAM expelled the disquiet and vulnerability related with scalping tickets and made an official auxiliary market for exchanging MLB tickets. At the point when a fan enters the game, the clubs likewise rake in some serious cash on things like concessions and product deals. Along these lines, Ticket Sales is probably the best quality (key driver), but on the other hand is perhaps the greatest region that can be viewed as a danger. As the substance and experience of on the web and portable items expands, the longing and readiness to pay for heading off to the genuine arena diminishes. The MLB must work intently BAM to guarantee that the two are not in direct rivalry with one another. The following is their paid-content model, which credits about 31% to the company’s generally speaking incomes. This, as examined later in the paper, has been an incredible quality for BAM. In the event that they are not continually seeking after creative and original thoughts and items, this will end up being an enormous danger. BAM likewise profits by Merchandizing and Advertising/Sponsorships, which represent the rest of the wellsprings of income. A key driver going ahead will be to keep cooperating and lining up with significant players in the business to use their substance and mastery, yet in addition to quell any potential serious items from genuinely representing a danger to piece of the overall industry. 3. BAM tries to serve MLB enthusiasts of varying backgrounds. Regardless of whether it’s the Cardinals fan that needs to get sound inclusion of a game that can’t join in, or the business official that needs a fast update on how his Twins are getting along during a gathering, BAM’s items look to address an assortment of fan ways of life. For the devoted fan that never needs to miss any of the activity, MLB. Television gives fans mind boggling an incentive by having the option to observe any game out-of-showcase whenever, watch up to 4 games on the double, or even get a 10-12 moment consolidated form. MLB. Television connects with the more dynamic fan that looks to devote a lot of their chance to their MLB loyalty. For the fan that is energetic about the game as well as their preferred group yet doesn’t have a lot of time to endure 9 innings, there is MLB. com. On this site, fans can see scores, insights, plans, standings, get connections to singular group pages, purchase tickets and stock, or get video features. The fan that frequents this item can spend on normal around 20-30 minutes on the page at once, however truly can't commit the time that the individuals who use MLB. Television can. Next, we have clients that visit the At Bat, who are to a greater extent a technically knowledgeable, in a hurry kind of fan. The worth BAM clients get from these pop-up messages, fast features and details, and live sound streams takes into consideration them to get to data anyplace, whenever. The fan can generally be on the most recent bits of gossip and exchanges, regardless of whether there plan is stuffed. These items additionally make an incentive for clients that it doesn't serve. BAM being perceived as truly outstanding in computerized sports content, it squeezes other athletic associations to seek after comparative activities. Avid supporters of the NFL and NBA know about what's going on in the baseball world, and request comparable encounters. In addition, BAM’s content conveyance and quality are very much regarded even with those organizations not in the games field. Organizations can display their on the web and versatile existences after BAM, or can in any event, acquire individuals for transitory undertakings to guarantee proficiency (like Apple did). 4. BAM’s paid-content model was at first met with a substantial measure of obstruction, both inside and remotely. With so much data accessible everywhere throughout the web and TV, many individuals addressed whether individuals paying for data and access would be something that would get on and hold. It has now taken off, for the most part due to the enthusiastic and dynamic fan base. Because of the way that there are such a significant number of games all through the customary season, and that each group ordinarily has a solid after, Baseball Advanced Media can bear to up-charge for their data and substance. As an ever increasing number of sources become accessible, and â€Å"generic† solutions for these athletic media sources penetrate the scene, the paid-content model will come into question. For whatever length of time that BAM, and the entirety of their items, are continually seeking after weighty and creative activities, the paid-content model can be supportable. Be that as it may, keeping that in mind, this implies their pioneering push should be powerful and strategic. They can't stand to be first movers on items, and afterward have these items crash and burn and capsize. As they proceed ahead down the media content way, they should persistently offer increasingly intuitive and one of a kind encounters that don't eat into each other’s markets and benefits. 5. Bowman and the BAM staff must be extremely cautious in moving toward this iPad application. In spite of the fact that the application will serve a comparable crowd, BAM ought to be insightful of the distinctive â€Å"brand images† every one of their contributions in their item portfolio. For instance, At Bat permits fans to listen live (sound, despite the fact that there are without 2 games for each day) to each game, get regularly updated details, get pop-up messages, and so forth. In this way, it is sheltered to accept that the At Bat client is searching for accommodation and snappy investigation of what is imperative to them. MLB. Television experiences a comparative circumstance, in that it is essentially used for gushing and HD-quality video of all out-of-advertise games, and that clients can see different games on the double. BAM’s In-Market Streaming carries with it some extraordinary chances, however can likewise seriously rip apart existing ticket deals if not checked and controlled appropriately. MLB. com likewise filled in as a center for fans that need to get inside and out data, however aren’t ready to endure a whole game or TV appear. In general, BAM has a broad portfolio that has brought them critical incomes and awards in the course of recent years. In light of the unstable accomplishment of their past connections and dealings with Apple, on the accomplishments their At Bat application has had in the iTunes store, there is a ton of space for extension with the iPad dispatch. BAM must consider precisely the same issues that Apple is as of now looking with its new dispatch: are they really arriving at a â€Å"new audience† or are they simply ripping apart the incomes of existing items. For instance, will Apple lose cash on their large cash creator, the iPhone, because of this new item? BAM faces a comparable situation. There is a huge chance to be a first-mover on what could be a noteworthy item. In light of their past relationship and earlier pledge to an application dispatch, BAM would be shrewd to put assets into this new item, regardless of whether the iPad is getting not exactly heavenly audits. . The new iPad application must be handily separated from the current items, and furthermore accompany various highlights too. Similarly as there different items try to do, this application must serve a particular capacity for its client. The new iPad application should try to exploit the screen size and ability of the iPad, and really be INTERACTIVE fo r the client. This new brand will be a center point for the individuals who need to not just watch and follow their groups and players, yet in addition take an interest in the excursion. To do this, above all else, the new application must be given another name. Despite the fact that BAM could remain to use the effectively mainstream brand with the end goal of the new dispatch, there are a couple of reasons why they ought to go with an alternate brand name. Clients will naturally expect that the items are the equivalent (both explicitly made for Apple items, in this manner accepting the highlights and specs are indistinguishable). Along these lines, BAM ought to go with a name that strikingly portrays the intuitive client experience, for example, MLB Experience or Home Field Advantage. Setting the stage right off the bat as far as its name will genuinely assist with separating this item from the rest. With that, there ought to be an alternate cost charged for this new iPad application. For a similar explanation that a comparable name w

Investigating the effectiveness of Mobile Antivirus Application on Android and Windows Mobile Phone Essay Example for Free

Examining the viability of Mobile Antivirus Application on Android and Windows Mobile Phone Essay Section 1: Anti-infection Applications on Mobile Devices Cell phone hostile to infection programming alludes to security programming programs which have been expertly evolved to shield gadget clients from infections, worms, Trojans and different malevolent projects and evacuating them where conceivable. Against infection programming programs have of late picked up fame due the expanded occurrences of malignant dangers of assault on the web. There are a few new infections that are identified on an everyday premise on the internet. While a portion of these infections might be innocuous, others are irritating and very ruinous. Certain infections repeat themselves, however others may make significant issues the degree of deleting all information on a gadget drive. The utilization of against infection for gadget assurance can be applied to various working frameworks including Mobile Windows and Android cell phones (iSoftwareReviews 2010). Antivirus programming works in different specialized manners to offer insurance to and expel infections from cell phones. This ordinarily happen through two security examining capacities in particular On-Access Scanning and On-Demand Scanning. The On-Access checking works progressively to guarantee a cell phone is ensured consistently by observing for infections to any getting to in the cell phone, for instance while opening a document or opening an application. In spite of the way that this product hinders the speed of a gadget, its job in antivirus assurance is so basic and should accordingly be empowered consistently. On-Demand Scanning offers antivirus security just when initiated to examine a specific region, organizer, record, or drive. The program at that point gives an output report about what number of infections that have been found in the checked thing. If an infection is recognized, the program will inform the client and prescribe an activity which incorporates either to erasing or isolate the infection (iSoftwareReviews 2010). The quickly expanding headways of cell phone innovation to incorporate various valuable highlights have made android and windows cell phones well known pocket PCs. This expanded prominence has not anyway accompanied its own mishaps. Much the same as the common PCs, android and windows cell phones have likewise been exposed to expanded infections assault. Infection assault has in this way become the most recent and single greatest danger to the cell phone industry. In this manner, various organizations managing in programming have thought of hostile to infection for use in the android and windows cell phones. These are mostly against infection programming bundles created to give hostile to infection insurance to cell phones (iSoftwareReviews 2010). There are various enemy of infection programming programs for cell phones that are accessible to the clients. The primary cell phone against infection programming incorporates AhnLab Mobile Security, Avast! PDA Edition, Avira Antivir Mobile, BitDefender Mobile Security, BullGuard Mobile Antivirus, Dr.Web Mobile Security Suite, F-Secure Mobile Security, Kaspersky Mobile Security, and Norton Smartphone Security. AhnLab Mobile Security programming gives an answer for infections and worms insurance and evacuation. It runs under windows versatile and android cell phones. Avast! PDA Edition is an antivirus security for PalmOS and Windows CE, Android telephones, and Pocket PC based gadgets (iSoftwareReviews 2010). Avira AntiVir Mobile gives proficient infection and malware security for pocket PCs, Windows portable and Android cell phones. BitDefender Mobile Security gives answer for infection insurance and expulsion for PDAs and Smartphone that sudden spike in demand for Windows versatile or Android cell phones. BullGuard Mobile Antivirus gives answers for securing Pocket PCs and Windows versatile against infections and different vindictive projects. Dr.Web Mobile Security Suite is intended to give hostile to infection security answers for pocket PCs that sudden spikes in demand for Windows Mobile working framework. F-Secure Mobile Security is a finished versatile security programming bundle that incorporates against infection, hostile to spyware, a firewall and a remote control against burglary highlight for assurance. Kaspersky Mobile Security likewise gives a total insurance bundle including Anti-burglary assurance, infection security, firewall and against spam for SMS, EMS, and MMS. Norton Smartphone Security offers hostile to infection, against spam, and firewall for Windows versatile and Android portable insurance (iSoftwareReviews 2010). Securing an android and window cell phone from assault requires a total comprehension of all application correspondence. This is significant in light of the fact that product can possibly secure a gadget if and just in the event that it can peruse a similar data as the cell phone gadget, accordingly application layer dangers. It may not be conceivable inside the innovative structure for antivirus programming to comprehend application interchanges or investigate application conduct through the profound review of interruption counteraction bundles, regardless of whether on singular premise or when reassembled into their unique arrangement. So also, arrange level antivirus may recognize few known, effectively recognizable security dangers by essentially inspecting pre-customized designs (Citrix Systems 2006).  Installation of antivirus is the most popular method of ensuring android and windows cell phones. The best sorts of antivirus are the application firewalls since they work at the application layer rather than the system level. The application firewalls can authorize right application conduct while forestalling any malignant action. This is on the grounds that the firewalls can review the real web correspondence and comprehend the setting of all customer solicitations and application reactions through which they are sent to the web. A total cell phone security application needs to offer full assurance of the considerable number of components of an application just as clients of the application. As a rule be that as it may, security applications for cell phones are just constrained to the application program and application information (Citrix Systems 2006). Proposal Statement Notwithstanding web gadgets proceeding to confront noteworthy security dangers, cell phones go totally unprotected while web perusing, downloading applications, checking email, leading web based banking and associating with interpersonal interaction destinations like Twitter and Facebook. While portable assaults are expanding quickly and programmers are monetarily spurred to take information, personalities, and catch corporate interchanges, it has gotten basic to ensure cell phones, for example, android telephone and Windows telephones. Foundation of the examination Cell phone security is the way toward forestalling and identifying unapproved utilization of your framework. Anticipation estimates help you to stop unapproved clients (otherwise called gatecrashers) from getting to any piece of your cell phone framework. Location causes you to decide if somebody endeavored to break into your framework, on the off chance that they were effective, and what they may have done. We use android and windows portable for everything from banking and contributing to shopping and speaking with others through email or talk programs.â Although you may not consider your interchanges top mystery, you presumably don't need outsiders perusing your email, utilizing your telephone to assault different frameworks, sending produced email from your telephone, or inspecting individual data put away on your telephone, (for example, fiscal reports). There are an assortment of antivirus programming bundles that work from various perspectives, contingent upon how the seller decided to actualize their product. What they share for all intents and purpose, however, is that they all search for designs in the records or memory of your Smartphone that demonstrate the conceivable nearness of a known infection. Antivirus bundles realize what to search for using infection profiles (once in a while called marks) gave by the merchant. New infections are found every day. The viability of antivirus programming is reliant on having the most recent infection profiles introduced on your Smartphone with the goal that it can search for as of late found infections. It is imperative to stay up with the latest. Section 2: Android Phone Emulators An android cell phone is a telephone fitted with a lot of programming comprising of working frameworks, middleware and other significant applications. The principle highlights of android incorporate application system for encouraging reuse and substitution of segments, Dalvik virtual machine which is upgraded for cell phones, advanced illustrations, a coordinated program, media apparatuses for regular sound, video and still picture designs, SQLite for organized information stockpiling, and GSM Telephony. Different highlights incorporate Bluetooth, Camera, and Rich advancement comprising of a gadget emulator, apparatuses for troubleshooting, memory and execution profiling. Android innovation is reliant on Linux adaptation 2.6 to control the principle framework overhauling including security, memory the executives, process the board, arrange stack, and driver models (Android Developers 2010). Android innovation is comprised of a multi-process framework in which every application runs in its own procedure. A standard Linux office is liable for planning security between various applications, for example, client and gathering recognizable pieces of proof relegated to the applications in Android cell phone. The core of the security applications is based on the idea that no application, as a matter of course, approaches play out any activity with a capability of antagonistically affecting on different applications, the working framework, or the client. The applications that the Linux office must give authorization incorporate perusing or composing the user’s private information, perusing or composing another application’s record, performing system access, and keeping the gadget conscious. The consent that an application requires is measurably proclaimed in that application so Linux office can ace the forthright during introduce

Grapefruit Interactions With Bipolar Drugs

Grapefruit Interactions With Bipolar Drugs Bipolar Disorder Treatment Medications Print Grapefruit Interactions With Bipolar Drugs By Marcia Purse Marcia Purse is a mental health writer and bipolar disorder advocate who brings strong research skills and personal experiences to her writing. Learn about our editorial policy Marcia Purse Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on February 08, 2020 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on February 20, 2020 Bipolar Disorder Overview Symptoms & Diagnosis Causes Treatment Living With In Children Your Rights Westend61  / Getty Images Grapefruit juice may seem like the ideal drink for a good, old-fashioned American breakfast, but when it comes to washing down your bipolar medications, think again. Unlike some types of citrus fruit, grapefruit can  interfere with the metabolization of certain drugs, inadvertently increasing their concentration to potentially toxic levels. Bipolar drugs are not the only ones affected. Also on the no-fly list are medications used to treat everything from  high cholesterol and arrhythmia to allergies and HIV. Even Viagra is complicated by the otherwise healthy effects of grapefruit. Which Medications Interact With Grapefruit Juice? How Grapefruit Interferes With Drug Concentration A number of psychotropic drugs, including those used treat anxiety, depression, and psychosis, are among the 80 agents grapefruit juice is known to interfere with. Forty-three of those drugs had serious adverse effects.?? This is because grapefruit contains furanocoumarins, an organic compound which blocks an enzyme that normally breaks down certain medications. While other citrus fruits like pomelos, limes, and Seville oranges also contain furanocoumarins, they havent been studied as closely.?? When this enzyme is blocked, the drug concentration levels in the  blood will be higher than expected. In some cases, the intended effect and/or side effects of the drug will be strongerâ€"even dangerous. Degrees and Persistence of Effect The degree by which grapefruit can affect certain drugs can vary. For some medications, one small glass of juice can result in what would be equivalent to a double or triple dose. For example, as much as 99 percent of BuSpar (buspirone) is normally metabolized before the drug enters the bloodstream. When taken with grapefruit juice, the concentration can increase by as much as 400 percent. Or, as demonstrated in this research, four-fold.?? At the same time, the effects of grapefruit can be long-lasting, interacting with certain drugs anywhere from several hours to a few days after ingestion. Alternately, you can avoid grapefruit altogether and substitute with (non-Seville) orange juice.   Any drug that will interact with grapefruit with have all of these defining elements: it will be taken orally, it will have very low to intermediate absolute bioavailability, and also it will be metabolized by the cytochrome P450 3A4 enzyme (CYP3A4). Grapefruit and some of the related citrus can irreversibly inhibit that enzyme. Such drugs should not be eaten with grapefruit or any of the related citrus, or alternative medications should be prescribed. Although it is probably purely speculative to suggest who the most vulnerable patient would likely be, people over 45 years old are the prime purchasers of grapefruit and receive the most prescriptions for drugs.?? List of Psychotropic Medications Affected by Grapefruit All told, there are over a dozen drugs commonly used to treat symptoms of bipolar disorder that are known to be affected, in differing degrees, by grapefruit. Anafranil (clomipramine)BuSpar (buspirone)Elavil (amitriptyline)Halcion (triazolam)Luvox (fluvoxamine)Prozac (fluoxetine)Seroquel (quetiapine)Serzone (nefazodone)Tegretol (carbamazepine)Trazodone (desyrel)Valium (diazepam)Versed (midazolam)Zoloft (sertraline) Always read the packet insert in its entirety to understand which interactions can occur. Typically, you can find this in or around the fifth paragraph where it would read: Talk with your doctor before including grapefruit or grapefruit juice in your diet while you are taking this medicine.   A Word From Verywell Each year, an increasing number of drugs?? are identified as having a possible interaction with grapefruit. In the end, you can usually still enjoy the grapefruit if taken wisely and enjoy the benefits of its combination of vitamin  C,  fiber, potassium, lycopene, and choline. Speak with your doctor if in doubt.

The Mental Condition Of Bipolar Disorder - 1728 Words

When interviewing the client, JD, he explained how important it is to have the â€Å"right† attitude about yourself and life if you are a person who is living with a chronic condition. JD happens to have a treatable condition that affects his mind. Bipolar I Disorder, as the DSM-5, specifies, is a mental condition in which doctors do not fully understand. Through the more recent years doctors have gained understanding therefore able to treat the disorder more effectively. What they do understand is that it is a genetic disorder, it affects the moods and can impact an individual to be at a very high mania to a low depression. This spectrum can greatly affect a person’s life and the relationships they have with others. According to the DSM 5,†¦show more content†¦JD describes this experience in the interview as a very religious experience. â€Å"I believed I was hearing from God and he had given me meanings to things others could not see.† JD explains that others around him noticed his odd behavior even though he did not think him as acting odd because he had an explanation for why he was doing everything he was doing. He describes this time as very frustrating and lonely. â€Å"I felt like no could understand me.† After JD left the hospital, two weeks later, he was still have manic thoughts and experiencing depressive moods. He was self admitted to an inpatient care facility where he stayed for another 3 months out of concern for his safety and safety of others. JD says he hated that part. The facility was full of people that were a lot â€Å"crazier† then him, he says â€Å"it was not a good environment for me to be in in tht state of mind, if it did anything it tau ght me how to fake being happy so I could get out of there, because being locked up with those people made me feel worse then when I went in.† After he came out of the hospital things didn’t become normal for him until about three months after that. For the next almost nine years he was fine having normal moods accourding to the situation and living life. He found a career , got married to his wife and lived with her in a apartment not far from where he was attending college at the time the second episode

Should Junk Food Be Banned in Schools - 1647 Words

ZHANG 1 HAO ZHANG Documented Essay -Draft #3 Professor Warmbold English 120, Section 06 4 May 2013 Should Junk Food Be Banned in schools? My aunt, who has been in New York City for more than 20 years, told me that in the past, she always made her two sons’ lunches to take to school during school years which was more nutritive and less expensive. Her sons at that time were energetic and played outside a lot. But soon after, they did not bring their own lunches anymore. They asked for money from my aunt to purchase food in school canteens. Possibly my aunt thought that she worked too much to prepare her sons’ lunches, so she allowed them to purchase food in canteens at lunch time. Gradually, a number of problems†¦show more content†¦The problem is that buying snacks very frequently can cost students a lot of money. Second, I often see some students eating junk food in class. The problem in this situation is when students eat in class, they often don’t pay much attention to what the professor says. More, students around the eaters can be affec ted by the sound of chewing and the smell of the food, leading to distraction. Also, eating too much junk food can cause obesity and other health problems. In the article â€Å"Effects of Junk Food on Health†, Gary Pearson points out that â€Å"the effect of junk food on health settles as bad as it could be especially when you eat too much of some†. He believes that junk food can affect the normal work of the heart, because too much cholesterol is absorbed in the body. And if there is too much plaque that results from cholesterol in vessels, the heart has to provide more energy to pump blood, which can cause people feel tired. Pearson explains that too much cholesterol can damage the liver, and then cause obesity. In another article â€Å"Reasons Eating Junk Food Is Not Good†, Tracey Roizman, D.C. points out that junk food can result in diabetes by elevating insulin levels. Also, junk food may lead to depression in teenagers. She gives data that consuming trans fats, saturated fats and processed food is associated with up to 58 percent increase in risk of depression. AsShow MoreRelatedShould Junk Food Be Banned at School1699 Words   |  7 PagesShould junk food be allowed at school? Junk food is generally defined as â€Å"a diet high in processed foods and soft drinks† (Wiles et al., 2009, p.1). By definition, junk food contains artificial food colorings and preservatives, including fast food, oily foods, snacks and high sugary beverage. Students usually eat snacks between meals. According to McPhail et al. (2011), the snacking habit among students has increased in the past twenty years. This means students are taking more junk food in a higherRead MoreJunk Food Should Be Banned In Schools774 Words   |  4 Pagesor not junk food should be banned in schools. One side believes that students have the freedom to choose whatever they what to eat. While the other side argues that junk food needs to be replaced by a healthier alternative. There are plenty of different arguments that these sides believes in. For the concern of the health and wellness of the students, schools must completely ban all junk food in school. It has been implied by a number of news sources and other people that school junk food bans areRead MoreArgumentative Essay - Junk Food1617 Words   |  7 PagesShould the sale of junk food in school cafeterias be banned? In more traditional years, parents had to prepare packed lunch for their kids when going to school. However, in present times, most parents are already incapable of doing such things. This is because they lack the luxury of time with the hectic schedules that they have. Parents tend to just give money to their children to purchase what they need. Given this kind of situation, students are exposed to a variety of options and they areRead MoreJunk Food872 Words   |  4 PagesJunk food has been getting a bad rap recently in society. It is believed that junk food is a leading factor in childhood obesity and should not be allowed in public schools. Due to this many school systems have enacted bans, or strict regulations that limit or completely exclude junk food in schools. Junk food should not be banned in schools because schools profit and are able to fund education and extracurricular activities through selling it, junk food isn’t as harmful as one would think, and evenRead Mo reJunk Food in Schools1480 Words   |  6 Pages TAL 201 May 6, 2013 Current Issues Paper Junk Food In Schools Introduction Although not easy to admit, it is a fact that a big percentage of the world’s population today likes junk food. Many people have become accustomed to eating foods with high levels of refined sugars, processed grains, and a number of other unhealthy ingredients (Trice, 2010). Essentially, companies have replaced nature’s own ingredients with highly processed products and chemicals to reduce costs, extend shelf lifeRead MoreEssay On Junk Food935 Words   |  4 Pages Ban of Junk Foods Candy, chips, juice, and fries! Our favorite foods being snatched from our eyes. The topic of whether junk food should be banned or not in schools is becoming more controversial throughout the country. The government has enforced healthy nutritious meals for kids worldwide due to the rapid spread of child obesity. Junk food should not be banned in schools because junk food is not considered the number one cause of obesity, it can help build the school financially and studentsRead MoreFood Stamps and Junk Food822 Words   |  3 PagesWhat do you mostly spend your money on? Thesis: Mostly everyone spends their money on junk food and clothes. Most teenagers that are attending high school have jobs. Like I said most teens! They are either working because they believe that having their own money will prevent them from asking their parents for any type of financial help for anything. Most teens start work at fast-foods places, shoe stores and retail jobs. Once they get that bi-weekly check my question to you is what do you spendRead MoreEssay On Junk Food In Schools1222 Words   |  5 Pages90 percent of school lunches refrain from serving fresh foods (â€Å"The Real Problem with Lunch†). School lunches are no longer prepared from scratch easily now entrusted to highly processed foods. Clearly, one-third of American children’s diet consists of fast food (â€Å"The Real Problem with Lunch†). Junk foods in schools have become a profound issue in many states of the US. Laws have been formulated to forbid unwholesome meals by expelling or reducing the accessibility of related foods held by the institutesRe ad MorePros And Cons Of Junk Food801 Words   |  4 PagesRelease the ban! There should not be a reason why junk food is practically banned in the school systems today. The Government makes a huge amount of profit from people buying junk food for themselves and for their kids. Some people know how to control how much they eat and exercise to stay away from obesity. It is in the people’s control of what they can and cannot eat not the governments. The Government should release the junk food ban on school districts because, schools aren’t making money anymoreRead MoreJunk Food Should Be Banned835 Words   |  4 PagesJunk food is currently banned from school to help decrease obesity, but it may turn out that it is doing more harm than good. Junk food is a favorite amongst students and the ban on it has affected students as well as the schools themselves. The ban on junk food should be repealed, mainly because students will get junk food on their own, but the schoo ls are also suffering from this ban, and finally, studies show that junk food is not the only cause of obesity. The first reason why we need to take

Effects of Autism Free Essays

AUTISM ESSAY Name:Cloleisha Ottey Group:M1 Date:April 11, 2013 Lecturer:Miss. M. East Assignment:Three Autism and its Effects Autism is a syndrome characterized by issues in communication and social interaction and is diagnosed at the latest three years in a child’s life. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Autism or any similar topic only for you Order Now Autism is also called Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) and includes a broad range of disabilities such as Asperger Syndrome, Rett’s Syndrome (almost exclusively affects females) and Pervasive Development Disorder. There are varying degrees of the disorder from low-functioning (no communication) to high-functioning (some communication and inappropriate but existent social skills). The characteristics also vary and present themselves socially (resistance to being held or touched), linguistically (makes verbal sounds while listening-echolalia), behaviorally (obsessions with objects, ideas or desires. ), emotionally (resists change in the environment (people, places, objects). ) and physically (unusual gait. ) in the child’s life. With an individual dealing with so much, how does it affect the family structure? I will be exploring the implications of the effects of Autism for the individual, parents and siblings. The life of an Autistic child is overwhelming. Carly a fourteen year old, when she was finally able to communicate in a way the world could understand expressed what it feels like being Autistic. After eleven years of silence she ran up to a computer and entered her first word â€Å"hurt†, her second word was â€Å"help†. She expressed how much she would love to be like other children but she can’t help but be herself. She explained the reason for her constant rocking, not wanting to be touched and banging her head. She said it felt like a thousand ants were crawling over her body, her feet felt like they were on fire and if she didn’t bang her head she felt like she would explode. For years she understood what was being said around/about her but had no way of expressing herself. Autistic children, who are not able to communicate like Carly, go through this overload of sensory input that drives them nuts. Not being able to communicate to their parents that the sound is too loud, or the light is too bright becomes frustrating. They are treated as if they are dumb and do not understand what is being said when that is far from the truth. Many children who have been diagnosed as being Autistic have been found to be dual exceptional, which means having a disability but are also being a gifted child. One of the most difficult things a parent can experience is not being able to understand what their child needs. Raising a child who does not speak or express themselves in a way you can understand is heart wrenching, especially when they are experiencing pain and you do not know where it hurts or what the symptoms are-helplessness is painful. Not knowing why they hurt themselves, scream, pull away when you touch them or say the things they say. However, parents must remember that, despite the diagnosis their child is the same person that they have always  been. The only difference is that they know now what condition they have and can begin to help them to maximize their potential and to live life to the fullest. Parents often feel like failures and blame themselves for the diagnosis. It is reported that 80% of marriages end in divorce when a child is diagnosed with Autism, leaving the mothers to deal with the day to day stresses of raising a child with a disability. They constantly ask â€Å"Was it that one drink? or â€Å"Was it that fall I didn’t tell anyone about? † Another implication for parents of Autistic children is the cost of care which does not come cheap. In a country like Jamaica where health care for disability cases is not predominant – it costs an arm and a leg, approximately US$40,000-$70,000 per year (as per the Autism Center of Montego Bay). Parents have to ensure that their Autis tic child gets physical, occupational and speech therapies as early intervention and lifelong therapies to improve the skills they already possess and to not lose what they have gained. Parents may feel that their child with autism takes a lot of their time and attention – siblings feel this way too. Parents often think that because their other child/children are not suffering from this diagnosis or any other major ailment and are for want of a better word â€Å"normal†- they do not need time with them. Siblings will go out of their way to be noticed by their parents by getting in trouble at school, rebelling and some are left to raise themselves. Siblings like for parents to make time for them when possible to listen to the things that are important to them. It may help to do some activities separately in the family, if you can. Parents need to find out what the child would like them to do together, make a date and keep it. While they are out let it be about the child, do not bring up the Autistic sibling. However, siblings may benefit from having time to themselves, for example occasional breaks like  sleepovers at friends’ homes. They also need to be able to bring their own friends home and enjoy themselves without interruption, where possible. Try to listen to siblings’ worries and concerns – but also their ideas. Older children may have good ideas about how best to manage certain situations. If they have a good relationship with their brother or sister, they may be able to ask them to do things that the parent can’t. The future is a concern for siblings. At some point,  it may help to talk  with them about who is expected to care for their brother or sister when they are older. There has been an increase in Autism cases, according to the Director of the Montego Bay Autism Center on April 2, 2013. To combat the rise each supporting entity (parents and siblings) must have an air of patience. The Autistic child cannot help but be who they are, so parents and siblings have to rise to the occasion and be advocates. Understanding, supporting and educating are a few of the ways to show that Autistic life – is still a life. Autism has a wide effect and often has negative implications, however, the positive implications outweigh them. Reference 1. Stanley, G. I and Tippy G. November 2, 2011. Respecting Autism: The Rebecca School DIR Casebook for Parents and Professionals. Vantage Press. 2. http://readingroom. mindspec. org/? page_id=6203;gclid=CPjI2ub0wrYCFRMKnAodylsABQ. Autism Profile. March 15, 2013. Autism Reading Room. How to cite Effects of Autism, Papers

The Different Kinds of Academic Papers

As a student or researcher working on an academic paper, you must have realized that there are various types of academic papers ranging from short essays to more comprehensive and elaborate academic pieces such as dissertations and thesis.Each one of these academic papers has its own particular attributes and characteristics that must be considered when creating content to ensure conspicuousness.Although the kinds of academic papers depends on​ various educational institutions,however there are certain typical paper types that include dissertations,thesis,research paper,case study based papers and essays. Essays These are the most common type of academic papers that are significant as they cater to almost all levels of academia especially high school and undergraduate levels. This type of paper provides an illustration of a certain topic through the amalgamation of key facts and opinions organized to create a coherent structure that provides a logical explanation of the topic. Most high school students often have to write essays on topics ranging from marketing and economics to business management, biological sciences, and technology. Such essays might be argumentative, descriptive or expository depending on the topic and paper requirements. Research Paper A research paper is an academic paper that is longer than a typical essay and usually entails more detailed research relative to the topic or subject matter that the paper encompasses. To highlight aspects regarding a specific issue, the research paper usually includes a literature review section that provides details of the researched facts to support the topic. Often, the paper may include a critical review of the researched material to provide a lucid understanding of the topic and research paper content. Thesis A thesis is a more comprehensive academic paper that provides more details with regards to a particular topic contrary to the dissertation. Such an academic paper usually​ has a higher word count and includes sections such as literature review, methodology, findings, and analysis among others. Such a paper may include both primary and secondary research methods to provide arguments to support the topic with an intent to define a solid conclusion. The thesis is usually applicable at the Masters and Doctoral levels as these illustrate the highest standards of academia. Dissertation A dissertation is an academic paper ranging from 7000 to 16000 words that include sections such as literature review, research methodology, analytical findings, and conclusions. Such a paper is used to provide a detailed analysis of the topic through the use of different forms of research techniques to provide qualitative and quantitative data to arrive at a conclusion. The paper may include a theoretical approach to justify the topic or hypothesis or an empirical approach to provide statistical analysis to derive critical inferences relevant to the topic. Dissertation writing is usually applicable at the undergraduate and doctoral levels. Case study A case study is based on the aspects regarding a certain entity such as an organization and its working. Case study writing involves the research related to a case study that describes a particular aspect of the entity relevant to the paper. The paper includes sections such as case study analysis, description, and conclusion including recommendation. For example, a case study regarding the marketing procedures of an organization may be analyzed in the paper and recommendations suggested based on the analysis. bags experienced and subject specialist writers who deliver best for the academic excellence. Customized and reliable writing services lead us to hold the prominent position in the industry where customers’ need and quality are given first priority.

Major General Abner Doubleday in the Civil War

Major General Abner Doubleday in the Civil War Born at Ballston Spa, NY on June 26, 1819, Abner Doubleday was the son of Representative Ulysses F. Doubleday and his wife, Hester Donnelly Doubleday. Raised in Auburn, NY, Doubleday came from a strong military tradition as his father had fought in the War of 1812 and his grandfathers had served during the American Revolution. Educated locally in his early years, he was later sent to live with an uncle in Cooperstown, NY so that he could attend a private preparatory school (Cooperstown Classical and Military Academy). While there, Doubleday received training as a surveyor and civil engineer. Throughout his youth, he expressed interests in reading, poetry, art, and mathematics. After two years of private practice, Doubleday received an appointment to the US Military Academy at West Point. Arriving in 1838, his classmates included John Newton, William Rosecrans, John Pope, Daniel H. Hill, George Sykes, James Longstreet, and Lafayette McLaws. Though regarded as a â€Å"diligent and thoughtful student, Doubleday proved an average scholar and he graduated in 1842 ranked 24th in a class of 56. Assigned to the 3rd US Artillery, Doubleday initially served at Fort Johnson (North Carolina) before moving through several assignments in coastal fortifications. Mexican-American War With the outbreak of the Mexican-American War in 1846, Doubleday received a transfer west to the 1st US Artillery. Part of Major General Zachary Taylors army in Texas, his unit commenced preparing for the invasion of northeastern Mexico. Doubleday soon marched south and saw action at the hard-fought Battle of Monterrey. Remaining with Taylor the following year, he served at Rinconada Pass during the Battle of Buena Vista. On March 3, 1847, shortly after the battle, Doubleday was promoted to first lieutenant. Returning home, Doubleday married Mary Hewitt of Baltimore in 1852. Two years later, he was ordered to the frontier for service against the Apaches. He completed this assignment in 1855 and received a promotion to captain. Dispatched south, Doubleday served in Florida during the Third Seminole War from 1856-1858 and also helped to map the Everglades as well as modern Miami and Fort Lauderdale. Charleston Fort Sumter In 1858, Doubleday was posted to Fort Moultrie in Charleston, SC. There he endured the growing sectional strife that marked the years immediately before the Civil War and commented, â€Å"Almost every public assemblage was tinctured with treasonable sentiments and toasts against the flag were always warmly applauded.† Doubleday remained at Fort Moultrie until Major Robert Anderson withdrew the garrison to Fort Sumter after South Carolina seceded from the Union in December 1860. On the morning of April 12, 1861, Confederate forces in Charleston opened fire on Fort Sumter. Within the fort, Anderson selected Doubleday to fire the first shot of the Union response. Following the forts surrender, Doubleday returned north and was quickly promoted to major on May 14, 1861. With this came an assignment to the 17th Infantry in Major General Robert Pattersons command in the Shenandoah Valley. In August, he was transferred to Washington where he commanded batteries along the Potomac. On February 3, 1862, he was promoted to brigadier general and placed in command of the Washington defenses. Second Manassas With the formation of Major General John Popes Army of Virginia in the summer of 1862, Doubleday received his first combat command. Leading the 2nd Brigade, 1st Division, III Corps, Doubleday played a key role at Brawners Farm during the opening actions of the Second Battle of Bull Run. Though his men were routed the next day, they rallied to cover the retreat of the Union army on August 30, 1862. Transferred to the I Corps, Army of the Potomac with the rest of Brigadier General John P. Hatchs division, Doubleday next saw action at the Battle of South Mountain on September 14. Army of the Potomac When Hatch was wounded, Doubleday took command of the division. Retaining command of the division, he led them at the Battle of Antietam three days later. Fighting in the West Woods and Cornfield, Doubledays men held the right flank of the Union army. Recognized for his superior performance at Antietam, Doubleday was brevetted to lieutenant colonel in the Regular Army. On November 29, 1862, he was promoted to major general. At the Battle of Fredericksburg on December 13, Doubledays division was held in reserve and avoided taking part in the Union defeat. In the winter of 1863, I Corps was reorganized and Doubleday was shifted to command the 3rd Division. He served in this role at the Battle of Chancellorsville that May, but his men saw little action. As Lees army moved north in June, Major General John Reynolds’ I Corps led the pursuit. Arriving in Gettysburg on July 1, Reynolds moved to deploy his men in support of Brigadier General John Bufords cavalry. While directing his men, Reynolds was shot and killed. Command of the corps devolved on Doubleday. Racing forward, he completed the deployment and guided the corps through the opening stages of the battle. Gettysburg Positioned northwest of the town, Doubledays men were badly outnumbered by the approaching Confederate army. Fighting valiantly, I Corps held their position for five hours and was only forced to retreat after XI Corps collapsed on their right. Outnumbered 16,000 to 9,500, Doubledays men inflicted 35-60% casualties on seven of the ten Confederate brigades that attacked them. Falling back to Cemetery Hill, the remains of I Corps held their position for the remainder of the battle. On July 2, the commander of the Army of the Potomac, Major General George Meade, replaced Doubleday as commander of I Corps with the more junior Newton. This was largely the result of a false report submitted by the XI Corps commander, Major General Oliver O. Howard, stating that I Corps broke first. It was fostered by a long-running dislike of Doubleday, whom he believed indecisive, which went back to South Mountain. Returning to his division, Doubleday was wounded in the neck later in the day. After the battle, Doubleday officially requested that he be given command of I Corps. When Meade refused, Doubleday departed the army and rode to Washington. Assigned to administrative duties in the city, Doubleday served on courts martial and commanded part of the defenses when Lieutenant General Jubal Early threatened to attack in 1864. While in Washington, Doubleday testified before Joint Committee on the Conduct of the War and criticized Meades conduct at Gettysburg. With the end of hostilities in 1865, Doubleday remained in the army and reverted to his regular rank of lieutenant colonel on August 24, 1865. Promoted to colonel in September 1867, he was given command of the 35th Infantry. Later Life Posted to San Francisco in 1869, to head the recruiting service, he obtained a patent for a cable car railway system and opened the citys first cable car company. In 1871, Doubleday was given command of the African-American 24th Infantry in Texas. After commanding the regiment for two years, he retired from the service. Settling in Mendham, NJ, he became involved with Helena Blavatsky and Henry Steel Olcott. The founders of the Theosophical Society, they converted Doubleday to the tenets of Theosophy and Spiritualism. When the pair moved to India to continue their studies, Doubleday was named the president of the American chapter. He continued to live in Mendham until his death on January 26, 1893. Doubledays name is most commonly known due to its association with the origins of baseball. While the 1907 Mills Commission Report states that the game was invented by Doubleday at Cooperstown, NY in 1839, subsequent scholarship has proven this unlikely. Despite this, Doubledays name remains deeply linked to the games history.

F-105 Thunderchief in the Vietnam War

F-105 Thunderchief in the Vietnam War Design of the F-105 Thunderchief began in the early 1950s as an internal project at Republic Aviation. Intended to be a replacement for the F-84F Thunderstreak, the F-105 was created as a supersonic, low-altitude penetrator capable of delivering a nuclear weapon to a target deep within the Soviet Union. Led by Alexander Kartveli, the design team produced an aircraft centered on a large engine and able to achieve high speeds. As the F-105 was meant to be a penetrator, maneuverability was sacrificed for speed and low-altitude performance. F-105D Specifications General Length: 64 ft. 4.75 in.Wingspan: 34 ft. 11.25 in.Height: 19 ft. 8 in.Wing Area: 385 sq. ft.Empty Weight: 27,500 lbs.Loaded Weight: 35,637 lbs.Crew: 1-2 Performance Power Plant: 1 Ãâ€" Pratt Whitney J75-P-19W afterburning turbojet, 26,500 lbf with afterburning water injectionCombat Radius: 780 milesMax Speed: Mach 2.08 (1,372 mph)Ceiling: 48,500 ft. Armament Guns: 1 Ãâ€" 20 mm M61 Vulcan cannon, 1,028 roundsBombs/Rockets: Up to 14,000 lbs. of ordnance including nuclear weapons, AIM-9 Sidewinder, and AGM-12 Bullpup missiles. Weapons carried in the bomb bay and on five external hardpoints. Design and Development Intrigued by Republics design, the US Air Force placed an initial order for 199 F-105s in September 1952, but with the Korean War winding down reduced it to 37 fighter-bombers and nine tactical reconnaissance aircraft six months later. As development progressed, it was found that the design had grown too large to be powered by the Allison J71 turbojet intended for the aircraft. As a result, they elected to utilize the Pratt Whitney J75. While the preferred power plant for the new design, the J75 was not immediately available and as a result on October 22, 1955, the first YF-105A prototype flew powered by a Pratt Whitney J57-P-25 engine. Though equipped with the less powerful J57, the YF-105A achieved a top speed of Mach 1.2 on its first flight. Further test flights with the YF-105A soon revealed that the aircraft was underpowered and suffered from problems with transonic drag. To counter these issues, Republic was finally able to obtain the more powerful Pratt Whitney J75 and altered the arrangement of the air intakes which were located at the wing roots. Additionally, it worked to redesign the aircraft fuselage which initially employed a slab-sided look. Drawing on experiences from other aircraft producers, Republic employed the Whitcomb area rule by smoothing the fuselage and slightly pinching it in the center.     Ã‚   Refining the Aircraft The redesigned aircraft, dubbed the F-105B, proved able to achieve speeds of Mach 2.15. Also included were improvements to its electronics including the MA-8 fire control system, a K19 gun sight, and an AN/APG-31 ranging radar. These enhancements were required to allow the aircraft to conduct its intended nuclear strike mission. With the alterations complete, the YF-105B first took to the sky on May 26, 1956. The following month a trainer variant (F-105C) of the aircraft was created while the reconnaissance version (RF-105) was canceled in July. The largest single-engine fighter built for the US Air Force, the production model of F-105B possessed an internal bomb bay and five external weapons pylons. To continue a company tradition of employing Thunder in its aircraft names, which dated back to World War IIs P-47 Thunderbolt, Republic requested that the new aircraft be designated Thunderchief. Early Alterations On May 27, 1958, the F-105B entered service with the 335th Tactical Fighter Squadron. As with many new aircraft, the Thunderchief was initially plagued by problems with its avionics systems. After these were dealt with as part of Project Optimize, the F-105B became a reliable aircraft. In 1960, the F-105D was introduced and the B model transitioned to the Air National Guard. This was completed by 1964. The last production variant of the Thunderchief, the F-105D included an R-14A radar, an AN/APN-131 navigation system, and an AN/ASG-19 Thunderstick fire-control system which gave the aircraft all-weather capability and the ability to deliver the B43 nuclear bomb. Efforts were also made to restart the RF-105 reconnaissance program based on the F-105D design. The US Air Force planned to purchase 1,500 F-105Ds, however, this order was reduced to 833 by Secretary of Defense Robert McNamara. Issues Deployed to Cold War bases in Western Europe and Japan, F-105D squadrons trained for their intended deep penetration role. As with its predecessor, the F-105D suffered from early technological issues. These issues may have helped earn the aircraft the nickname Thud from the sound the F-105D made when it hit the ground though the true origins of the term are unclear. As a result of these problems, the entire F-105D fleet was grounded in December 1961, and again in June 1962, while the issues were dealt with at the factory. In 1964, the issues in existing F-105Ds were resolved as part of Project Look Alike though some engine and fuel system problems persisted for another three years. Vietnam War Through the early- and mid-1960s, the Thunderchief began to be developed as a conventional strike bomber rather than a nuclear delivery system. This was further emphasized during the Look Alike upgrades which saw the F-105D receive additional ordnance hard points. It was in this role that it was sent to Southeast Asia during the escalation of the Vietnam War. With its high-speed and superior low-altitude performance, the F-105D was ideal for hitting targets in North Vietnam and far superior to the F-100 Super Sabre then in use. First deployed to bases in Thailand, F-105Ds began flying strike missions as early as late 1964. With the commencement of Operation Rolling Thunder in March 1965, F-105D squadrons began bearing the brunt of the air war over North Vietnam. A typical F-105D mission to North Vietnam included mid-air refueling and a high-speed, low altitude entry and exit from the target area. Though an extremely durable aircraft, F-105D pilots usually only had a 75 percent chance of completing a 100-mission tour due to the danger involved in their missions. By 1969, the US Air Force began withdrawing the F-105D from strike missions replacing it with F-4 Phantom IIs. While the Thunderchief ceased to fulfill a strike role in Southeast Asia, it continued to serve as a wild weasel. Developed in 1965, the first F-105F Wild Weasel variant flew in January 1966. Possessing a second seat for an electronic warfare officer, the F-105F was intended for a suppression of enemy air defenses (SEAD) mission. Nicknamed Wild Weasels, these aircraft served to identify and destroy North Vietnamese surface-to-air missile sites. A dangerous mission, the F-105 proved highly capable as its heavy payload and expanded SEAD electronics allowed the aircraft to deliver devastating blows to enemy targets. In late 1967, an enhanced wild weasel variant, the F-105G entered service. Due to the nature of the wild weasel role, F-105Fs and F-105Gs were typically the first to arrive over a target and the last to leave. While the F-105D had been completely removed from strike duties by 1970, the wild weasel aircraft flew until the wars end. In the course of the conflict 382 F-105s were lost to all causes, representing 46 percent of the US Air Forces Thunderchief fleet. Due to these losses, the F-105 was ruled to no longer be combat effective as a frontline aircraft. Sent to the reserves, the Thunderchief remained in service until officially being retired on February 25, 1984.

Employment Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words - 2

Employment Law - Essay Example These laws ensure that parties in a union discharge their duties fairly in order to evade legal accusation. The employment disagreement in Sinclair Refining Co. V. Atkinson, 30 was caused by the courts failure to forbid the labour union from enforcing a workers boycott as a solution to the disagreement between workers and the employer. The matters concerning the employers and the employees require little intervention by the court and the parties involved should resolve their differences in affable environment if possible. This is due to the fact that these issues require a solution which does not disadvantage either of the parties and create a friendly atmosphere. The workers boycott in the case of Sinclair was against the agreement which prohibited any strike and support for mediation in the case of any dispute. Therefore, for the court to intervene in the issues involving employers and workers they rely on the agreement between the parties and the matter must be one which requires arbitration (Mark, 15). The federal court however did not enforce the employer-workers agreement, but inste ad they allowed the boycott to continue. There was a feeling that the decision taken by the federal court was insufficient and against the employment agreement which advocated the mediation and prohibited the strike as a solution to the disagreement between the parties. According to Mark (22) the federal district courts have inadequate authority to implement contractual obligations between the employers and their employees, or to alter rulings by another court. The matter presented before the Supreme Court regards the ruling of the federal court regarding employers and employees agreement. Their conditions of employment prohibit the workers from taking part in boycott and advocate mediation in case of disagreement. However, the federal court failed to enforce this covenant although after the workers boycott. This matter was presented to the Supreme Court

British Liberation Movement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

British Liberation Movement - Essay Example In order to be able to better understand about Gay Liberation (Gay Lib), not only does the history of this issue have to be discussed, but as well the present state that it is in, and what has come from it. The aim of this paper is to discuss the matter of Gay Liberation, as well as any and all key and related issues surrounding it, in order to allow us to attain a more knowledgeable and informed understanding on it overall. This is what will be dissertated in the following. Gay Liberation is a term which is used to describe the radical lesbian, gay, bisexual and transgendered movement, which took place from the late 1960s to the mid 1970s. This was not only a movement which took place in North America, but also Western Europe, Australia, and New Zealand. In regards to the history of Gay Liberation, there are basically two different categories that can be considered: Gay Liberation during the first half of the 20th century, and Gay Liberation during the second half of the 20th century. ... fferent from the way that it had been during the first have of the 20th century, as a series of different developments took place during this time, developments which truly led to the creation of a gay liberation movement. It is truly fascinating just how much the way that homosexuality was looked at changed during the latter part of the 20th century, as it seemed to instantly go from being looked at as a horrific sin to being an issue that was not a deal to worry about at all. There are many different milestones that took place throughout the 20th century in regards to Gay Liberation, and the changes that took place from these milestones was incredibly far-reaching. For instance, the ban that had previously been put on the employment of homosexuals in most federal jobs was lifted, police harassment was sharply contained, and as well many large cities began to include sexual orientation in their civil rights statutes. Lisa Power is a woman who joined the Terrence Higgins Trust in 1996 as the Health Advocacy Team Manager, where she organized health promotion and information for people with HIV, and as well she developed the organization's work on new HIV treatments and with African communities in the UK. She has consistently been involved with human rights campaigns all throughout her life, first as a writer and activist for gay and lesbian rights and then, since the 1980s, in HIV and sexual health. One of Power's most respected and well-known books, No Bath but Plenty of Bubbles: An Oral History of the Gay Liberation Front, 1970-73, is a literary work which discusses the matter of gay liberation and how the Gay Liberation Front dragged homosexuality 'out of the closet', and into the public eye. It discusses all of the important issues, from how and when London

Describing the Business of Farming in O Pioneers! by Willa Silbert Cath

Describing the Business of Farming in O Pioneers! by Willa Silbert Cather Willa Sibert Cather was born in Virginia, December 7, 1873. At the age of nine, Cather's family moved to Nebraska. Willa fell in love with the country, with the waste prairies of the Nebraska. In her life, Willa worked for different journals and magazines and received many honorary degrees, even the Pulitzer Prize. Her literary life was extremely influenced by her childhood in the wild country. In her life story, I actually didn't find any trace of doing a business relative to farming, or running a farm on her own. Therefore she doesn't seem to have practical experience with business of farming. Maybe that's why she describes it in a general way only, without any particulars. The Cather's novel O Pioneers! gives us a realistic picture of people's life at the end of the nineteenth century. The new incomers, who settled the unfriendly countries of American continent, had very hard times. It was necessary for them to do whatever they were able to, to earn some money or to gain something to eat. As we can see in Cather's novel, many people were farming. But some of them were not farmers in their country of origin, they just started farming in the new home. Even though they knew nothing about it. Willa Cather describes a history of such people, a Norwegian immigrant family, the Bergsons. The beginnings in the new world were very tough for the Bergson family. And the situation didn't seem to get better. They have met several misfortunes that have held their farming business back. „One winter his cattle had perished in a blizzard. The next summer one of his plow horses broke its leg in a prairie-dog hole and had to be shot. Another summer he lost his hogs from cholera, and a valuable stallion died from a rattlesnake bite. Time and again his crops had failed. He had lost two children, boys, that came between Lou and Emil, and there had been the cost of sickness and death' This is Cather's idea of what John Bergson had to fight against. It's clear, that the whole family felt discouraged and helpless when there was no success coming. They saw many people around them selling their land and giving the farming up. They were going to find their fortune somewhere else. After John Bergson died, his sons also wanted to give up and change the hard work on the infertile land for some... ...ittle joke. It pretended to be poor because nobody knew how to work it right; and then, all at once, it worked itself. It woke up out of its sleep and stretched itself, and it was so big, so rich, that we suddenly found we were rich, just from sitting still.' I don't know much about farming at the end of the nineteenth century, but I heard something in the school and they have told nothing about becoming rich just from sitting still. This is the romantic point of view of the problem, and that's the Willa Cather's point of view. Actually, there has been some business behind the success. The fact, that Alexandra was buying more and more low-price land. She was very clever. She knew exactly what to do, to become rich and struggle no more. She could count the expenses and the profits several years ahead. But she did all this only because some spirit told her to, only because she felt something powerful coming out of the land. Did Willa Cather think this is the way that bussiness works? It seems to be her romantic illusion. I don't think Alexandra had sufficient reasons to mortgage a farm and start a big business from nothing with all risks. But she made a bet and won. Lucky girl.

Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System For Financial Brokerage Accounting Essay

Abstract- The modeling of fiscal systems continues to keep great involvement for non lone research workers but besides investors and policymakers. Many of the features of these systems, nevertheless, can non be adequately captured by traditional fiscal modeling attacks. Fiscal systems are complex, nonlinear, dynamically altering systems in which it is frequently hard to place mutualist variables and their values. Financial securities firm is concerned with put to deathing orders of purchasing and merchandising of certain sums of portions at the best possible monetary value. Many mathematical and algorithmic systems have been developed for this undertaking, nevertheless they can non look to get the better of a criterion volume based system. This paper proposes a new model for high frequence trading utilizing an intelligent fuzzy logic based impulse analysis system. The system was applied to securities firm of fiscal stocks, and tested against the criterion volume based securities firm system. The Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System has proven to surpass the traditional and standard systems that are used in the industry. Keywords ; Finacial securities firm ; fuzzed logic ; high frequence trading. Introduction It is good known that a chief insufficiency of much economic theory is that it postulates exact functional relationships between variables. On the other manus in fiscal clip series analysis, information points seldom lie precisely on consecutive lines or smooth maps. [ 7 ] suggests that trying to suit these nonlinear phenomena will present an unacceptable degree of instability in theoretical accounts. As a consequence of this intractableness, research workers and investors are turning to unreal intelligence techniques to better inform their theoretical accounts, making determination support systems that can assist a human user better understand complex fiscal systems such as stock markets. Artificial intelligence systems in portfolio choice have been shown to hold a public presentation border over the human portfolio director and recent research suggests that attacks that incorporate unreal intelligence techniques are besides likely to surpass classical fiscal theoretical accounts [ 4 ] . Artificial intelligence attacks have late been normally adopted in fiscal modeling. Traditionally, stock market calculating methodological analysiss have been based on either cardinal or proficient analysis. Cardinal analysis efforts to find the intrinsic value of stocks based on extended macroeconomic informations, whereas proficient analysis relies on analyzing market activity, peculiarly historic monetary values and volume. Whilst there is much back uping research for both schemes in fiscal theory we focus on systems utilizing proficient methodological analysis as the subjective and complex nature of cardinal analysis means it has, to day of the month, received small attending in unreal intelligence research. Fuzzy logic was foremost introduced by [ 6 ] . It is a signifier of multivalent logic which, whilst retaining the deductive construction of classical symbolic logic, includes the construct of grade of truth. Rather than being either true or false, as in binary logic, statements in fuzzed logic have a rank map which defines a fuzzy set ( as opposed to a chip set in conventional set theory ) . Fuzzy logic is hence an ideal attack to jobs that require a representation that can cover with estimates, uncertainness and deficient information and it has been applied to spheres every bit diverse as pattern acknowledgment [ 10 ] , railroad control systems [ 2 ] and computing machine game design [ 11 ] . The regulation base and illation engine of a fuzzed system is comparable to that of the cognition base of an expert system. The application of fuzzed set theory in economic science was foremost presented by [ 12 ] and has since received much attending [ 3 ] Time series theoretical accounts were foremost combined with fuzzed theory by [ 5 ] giving rise to fuzzy time-series, the cardinal model of all the investing systems. Research workers making stock trading systems have implemented many fluctuations of this theoretical account. Most late, [ 1 ] has proposed the usage of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy Inference Systems ( ANFIS ) , which combine the prognostic belongingss of nervous webs, with the concluding mechanisms of fuzzed logic to make an machine-controlled trading and prediction system that has been used for high frequence trading of foreign exchange currencies markets ( FOREX ) . This paper is outlined as follows. In subdivision II we give a general overview about fuzzed logic illation systems. Section III introduces the fuzzed logic impulse analysis system ( FL-MAS ) . Section IV explains the methodological analysis of utilizing FL-MAS for securities firm. Section V provides a public presentation analysis of the system. Finally, reasoning comments are given in Section VI. Fuzzy illation Systems Many types of fuzzed illation systems have been proposed in literature, nevertheless, in the execution of an ANFIS for fiscal anticipations and appraisal, the most suited theoretical account is the Sugeno theoretical account, which uses if-then-rules to bring forth an end product for each regulation which is the additive combination of the input variables plus a changeless term, and the concluding end product is the leaden norm of each regulation ‘s end product. The regulation base in the Sugeno Model, has regulations of the signifier: If X is A1 and Y is B1 so f1 = p1* x + q1* y + r1 If X is A2 and Y is B2 so f2 = p2 * x + q2 * y + r2 ( 1 ) where X & A ; Y are predefined rank maps, Ai and Bi are rank values, and pi, chi, and Rhode Island are the attendant parametric quantities that are updated in the forward base on balls in the acquisition algorithm. When we calculate the equation of â€Å" First order Sugeno † the grade of rank variable of X1 in rank map of Ai is multiplied by the grade of rank variable of X2 in rank map Bi and the merchandise is deemed a first Liner Regression Weight ( Wi ) . Finally the leaden mean F1 and F2 is deemed the concluding end product ( Z ) which is calculated as follows: A fuzzed illation systems shown in Fig. 1 is a regulation based fuzzy system that can be seen as an associatory memory and is made of five constituents ; regulation base which consists of the fuzzed if-then regulations, the informations base which defines rank maps of the fuzzed sets used in the fuzzy regulations, the determination devising unit which is the nucleus unit and is besides known as the illation engine, the fuzzification interface which transforms chip inputs into grades of fiting lingual values, and eventually the defuzzification interface which transforms fuzzed consequences into sharp end product [ 13 ] . Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System Making a fuzzed illation system to observe impulse is a complex undertaking. The designation of assorted market conditions has been a subject topic to assorted theories [ 14 ] and suggestions. This paper proposes a fuzzed illation system which categorises the market conditions into 7 classs based on monetary value motion, and will utilize the current volume to find the engagement rates ( PR ) of the trading system each clip. Fuzzy InferenceMomentum AnalysisThe first measure in planing the Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System, FL-MAS, is specifying the market conditions that the fuzzy system has to place. In this paper we use the following 7 market conditions to cover all possible motions of the monetary value series: Beat uping Strong up Slightly up Average Slightly down Strong down Crashing These conditions are considered as lingual values for the fuzzy logic system, and will be used to find the current province of the monetary value formation and its impulse. As impulse is built up, the system looks at the old x sum of ticks and performs an illation process by adding all the motions of the current monetary value to the old monetary value to find whether the general tendency has been up or down after ten points. In other words, impulse is detected by the followers: where is the current monetary value, is the old monetary value, and is a fluctuating counter which goes up or down harmonizing to the motion of the monetary value. whenever monetary value goes up it adds 1, when the monetary value goes down it subtracts 1, therefore this can be used in placing market conditions for x sum of points, where if the market is traveling strongly upwards, it will be detected by holding more 1s than -1 or 0s. This can be explained in the undermentioned equation: ( 2 ) where is the period that we want to observe the impulse for. For illustration, if we want to observe the impulse of the last 100 ticks, we add all the up, down fluctuations and so feed the ensuing figure to the fuzzy system which would lie someplace in the rank maps shown in Fig. 2. Membership maps for the lingual variable of market conditions The same process is applied for ciphering the lingual variable volatility, where the lingual values are as follows: Very fast Fast Medium Decelerate Very slow The fuzzy logic system takes both market impulse and volatility in consideration ; it generates the regulations, and eventually takes a determination based upon the sum of market engagement.The DataExperiments in this paper have been carried out on high frequence tick-data of both Vodafone Group plc ( VOD ) and Nokia Corporation ( NOK ) . For both stocks, 2 months of high frequence tick-data between 2nd Jan 2009 and 27th Feb 2009 has been obtained, and split into 30 subdivisions each. This was done in order to avoid any car correlativity between the monetary values. In other words, the fuzzy logic system gets the first batch of informations, performs all the actions of bargains or sells on it, so the same is process repeated utilizing the criterion volume based system, eventually comparing the public presentation of both systems. Once the observation is obtained, the system skips about 10000 ticks and performs the same operations once more, for 30 times, each clip observing the publi c presentation of both systems. It has to be mentioned that 2 months of high frequence tick informations is a significantly big sum of informations, taking in consideration that for each loop the system takes the analysis of the impulse of the past 100 ticks. Fig. 3 shows how the information is split after each simulation in order to avoid any possible similarities or autocorrelation in the monetary value. FL-MAS for securities firm tick informations discarded tick informations High frequence tick by tick informations Sim 1 Sim 2 Sim N The chief aim of the Fuzzy Logic Momentum Analysis System ( FL-MAS ) implemented in this paper is to surpass the industry criterion volume system, that has been used by securities firm houses to put to death big orders of purchasing or selling a certain stock. Many systems have used quantum modeling and analysis to find the assorted engagement rates ( PR ) , nevertheless they normally fail to surpass the criterion volume system in the long term [ 15 ] . This paper uses FL-MAS presented in subdivision 3, to find the PR in the market harmonizing to the current impulse. In other words, if we are on a bargain order, we would prefer to increase the PR ( figure of portions bought at that clip ) , when the monetary value is low, and diminish the engagement when the monetary value is high. Tick informations splitting mechanismStandard Volume System ( SVS )A standard securities firm mechanism for put to deathing big orders is a simple volume based system, which parses the volume being traded, whenever a certain sum of portions ( a threshold ) have been traded, the system would purchase or sell ( depending on the order ) a certain per centum of that. In other words, if there is an order to merchandise 1 million portions of a certain stock. The threshold would be for e.g. 10,000 portions, and whenever 10,000 portions have been traded, if the PR is set to 25 % , the system would purchase or sell 25 % of the mean volume. ( 3 ) where N is the figure of operations required to make the mark order for illustration 1 million portions, % is a fixed PR, for illustration, 25 % whenever the threshold is exceeded. The above system has proved to be efficient and is being adopted by many securities firm houses around the universe. The purpose of this paper, is to turn out that FL-MAS outperforms this type of system on the long tally.FL-MASThe thought here is to utilize the fuzzy logic impulse analysis system described in subdivision 3, to place what market status we are presently shacking in. This will let us to change the PR ( % ) . This provides an advantage, since the system can merchandise sharply when the status is at an extreme. It would besides understate its trading when the status is at another extreme. In other words, if we are selling million portions, the system will do a trade whenever the threshold of volume has been exceeded. However if the current market status indicates that the monetary value is real ly high or beat uping so we know that this is a good clip to sell a batch of portions, for illustration 40 % of the current volume. The same thing applies for when the impulse indicates that the monetary value is strong down which means that the system should sell less sums of volume at this low monetary value, for illustration 15 % . The contrary mechanism applies for purchasing portions. When the market is crashing, this is a good index that we should purchase a big ball of volume ( 40 % ) , and when the monetary value is at an mean point, this means that it would act like the SVS system i.e. purchasing 25 % of Volume. This is shown in Table 1. Engagement rates for buy side and the sell side of FL-MAS Market Condition Buying Praseodymium Selling Praseodymium Beat uping 10 % 40 % Strong up 15 % 35 % Slightly up 20 % 30 % Average 25 % 25 % Slightly down 30 % 20 % Strong down 35 % 15 % Crashing 40 % 10 %Performance MeasuresAfter implementing both SVS and FL-MAS, the standards at which both systems will be compared against each other will be the outperformance of FL-MAS on the SVS in footing points. TheA footing point is a unit of step used frequently to depict the per centum at which a alteration in the value or rate of a fiscal instrument has occurred. One footing point is a1/100th of a per centum orA 0.01 % . It is besides tantamount to 0.0001 in denary signifier. To cipher the betterment ( elf ) for the buy side in footing points we use the undermentioned expression:iˆ?iˆ?iˆÂ ©For the Sell Side the betterment in footing points is:iˆ?iˆÂ µiˆÂ ©Where is the entire cost of purchasing x sum of portions utilizing FL-MAS, and is the entire cost of purchasing the same figure of portions utilizing the traditional SVS. Consequences This subdivision displays the consequences of utilizing both FL-MAS and SVS to purchase 1million portions of VOD and NOK. For each symbol 30 simulations have been carried on the tick-data set described in subdivision 3. The information has been split as described in order to avoid any autocorrelations, both systems have been run and tested on the same information sets. Table 2 displays the cost at each simulation for purchasing 1million portions of NOK utilizing both systems. The mean monetary value of the whole set is besides displayed, and eventually the betterment of FL-MAS against SVS is displayed. This betterment rate can be either positive ; when FL-MAS has outperformed SVS or negative ; when FL-MAS was outperformed by SVS. Table 3 provides a full analysis of Table 2, by demoing clearly the mean outperformance rate of purchasing 1million portions of NOK utilizing FL-MAS, which turns out to be a positive of 2.98 footing points, which means that on mean utilizing FL-MAS we save about 3 footing points whenever we buy 1 million portion of NOK. Table 3 besides displays the consequences of implementing both systems to purchase 1 million portions of VOD. These consequences for VOD ( besides displayed on Fig.4 ) show a much higher mean of around 12.5 footing points. Experiments have been performed once more by reshuffling the information sets utilizing the informations slots that have non been used before, and the observations were really similar to these consequences. Hence another measuring mechanism was to detect the median of the consequences. The median is described as the figure dividing the higher half of a sample or distribution from the lower half. Both Medians for NOK, and VOD were positive, bespeakin g that on mean FL-MAS outperforms SVS for all the purchasing Simulations. Comparing the public presentation of FL-MAS against SVS for purchasing 1M portions of NOK Average Monetary value Cost of purchasing 1m NOK Shares utilizing FLMAS Cost of purchasing 1m NOK Shares utilizing SVS Improvement in footing points 11.55 11278964 11285761 6.02 12.19 11581642 11572708 -7.72 11.57 11904468 11910571 5.12 11.12 11610312 11581174 -25.16 11.45 11076799 11087759 9.88 11.36 11456338 11452293 -3.53 11.03 11390049 11404634 12.79 10.89 10947120 10956223 8.31 10.45 10923870 10950576 24.39 10.31 10373596 10377899 4.15 10.63 10354815 10367941 12.66 10.78 10655795 10644194 -10.90 10.70 10816236 10814437 -1.66 10.45 10723627 10737409 12.84 10.24 10281461 10286957 5.34 10.48 10214443 10205979 -8.29 9.67 10553155 10547707 -5.17 9.67 9581014 9602197 22.06 9.40 9754339 9740190 -14.53 9.22 9521736 9544895 24.26 9.10 9282640 9280416 -2.40 9.38 9135088 9149560 15.82 9.27 9434147 9457587 24.78 9.42 9262702 9272236 10.28 9.77 9439104 9430047 -9.60 9.87 9807817 9799844 -8.14 9.49 9880881 9885421 4.59 9.58 9585207 9580119 -5.31 9.48 9619778 9624263 4.66 9.40 9556780 9555829 -1.00 9.67 9350444 9359424 9.59 9.98 9724834 9707290 -18.07 9.94 9869580 9869177 -0.41 Analysis of consequences of purchasing 1m portions of NOK and VOD Mean ( elf ) Median ( elf ) Entire ( elf ) Buying NOK 2.98 4.63 101.18 Buying VOD 12.48 1.58 374.53 Besides the entire betterment of both is really high indicating that for both the 30 simulations, a 101.18 footing points was saved utilizing FL-MAS on NOK, and a 374.53 on VOD. Buying 1m portions of VOD Similarly, the sell side is displayed in Table 4, and analysed in Table 5. Similar to the bargain side, all simulations and experiments utilizing FL-MAS and SVS, have displayed that on mean FL-MAS has proved to be the better system, and therefore would increase the profitableness of a fiscal securities firm house that executes multiple big orders. Fig. 5 displays the merchandising of 1m portions of VOD. Comparing the public presentation of FL-MAS against SVS for selling 1M portions of VOD Average Monetary value Cost of selling 1m VOD Shares utilizing FLMAS Cost of selling 1m VOD Shares utilizing SVS Improvement in footing points 139.75 138379831 138304137 5.47 142.10 141880579 141466276 29.20 147.30 145752861 145974583 -15.21 145.70 147127925 147242618 -7.80 144.50 145284236 145840646 -38.30 148.30 141887321 141926909 -2.79 138.30 138593022 138540789 3.77 137.60 138159371 138119542 2.88 138.45 137192635 137152512 2.92 138.80 136243869 137297036 -77.30 138.70 138854269 138889050 -2.50 135.95 134818894 134622571 14.56 133.85 135551066 135198498 26.01 136.50 133744440 133824812 -6.01 135.55 136450408 136384280 4.85 139.50 136381824 136248448 9.78 138.30 138364382 138217262 10.63 136.85 136263730 136277519 -1.01 134.20 133894601 133855738 2.90 134.56 133894289 132534941 101.52 127.10 129477007 129129593 26.83 128.90 127159502 127174918 -1.21 130.85 129889373 129821846 5.20 135.50 130203793 130019981 14.12 136.85 135468629 135441956 1.97 136.45 136622702 136595289 2.01 138.05 136719313 136746751 -2.01 136.65 134943043 135082269 -10.32 132.15 133857223 134159108 -22.55 Analysis of consequences of Selling 1m portions of NOK and VOD Mean ( elf ) Median ( elf ) Entire ( elf ) Selling NOK 1.6812 2.9291 57.16 Selling VOD 2.73 2.46 81.83 Selling 1m portions of VOD Decision The job of order executing is a really complicated one. To be able to supply the best monetary value, an executing system has to dynamically alter the engagement rates at each case in order to provide for monetary value alterations, which are driven by impulse and volatility. This paper has introduced a system that makes usage of fuzzed logic, in order to ground out the current market status which is produced by the accretion of impulse. FL-MAS is a fuzzed logic impulse analysis system that outperforms the traditional systems used in industry which are frequently based on put to deathing orders based on the leaden norm of the current volume. Consequences of the enforced system have been displayed and compared against the traditional system. The system proves that on norm it increases profitableness on orders both on the bargain and sell sides. Further work and research has to be done to optimize the public presentation of the system. This could either include the usage of a familial algorithm to optimize the rank maps or the usage of Adaptive Neuro Fuzzy systems which would bring forth all the possible regulations for the system.

The Definition of Form in Art

The term form can mean several different things in art. Form is one of the seven elements of art and connotes a three-dimensional object in space. A  formal analysis of a work of art describes how the elements and principles of artwork together independent of their meaning and the feelings or thoughts they may evoke in the viewer. Finally,  form is also used to describe the physical nature of the artwork, as in metal sculpture, an oil painting, etc.​ When used in tandem with the word art as in art form, it can also mean a medium of artistic expression recognized as fine art or an unconventional medium done so well, adroitly, or creatively as to elevate it to the level of fine art. An Element of Art Form is one of the seven elements of art  which are the visual tools that an artist uses to compose a work of art. In addition, to form, they include line, shape, value, color, texture, and space.  As an Element of Art, form connotes something that is three-dimensional and encloses volume, having length, width, and height, versus shape, which is two-dimensional, or flat. A form is a shape in three dimensions, and, like shapes, can be geometric or organic. Geometric forms are forms that are mathematical, precise, and can be named, as in the basic geometric forms: sphere, cube, pyramid, cone, and cylinder.  A circle becomes a sphere in three dimensions, a square becomes a cube, a triangle becomes a pyramid or cone. Geometric forms are most often found in architecture and the built environment, although you can also find them in the spheres of planets and bubbles, and in the crystalline pattern of snowflakes, for example. Organic forms are those that are free-flowing, curvy, sinewy, and are not symmetrical or easily measurable or named. They most often occur in nature, as in the shapes of flowers, branches, leaves, puddles, clouds, animals, the human figure, etc., but can also be found in the bold and fanciful buildings of the Spanish architect Antoni Gaudi (1852 to 1926) as well as in many sculptures. Form in Sculpture Form is most closely tied to sculpture, since it is a three-dimensional art and has traditionally consisted almost primarily of form, with color and texture being subordinate. Three-dimensional forms can be seen from more than one side. Traditionally forms could be viewed from all sides, called sculpture in-the-round, or in relief, those in which the sculpted elements remain attached to a solid background, including bas-relief, haut-relief, and sunken-relief. Historically sculptures were made in the likeness of someone, to honor a hero or god. The twentieth century broadened the meaning of sculpture, though, heralding the concept of open and closed forms, and the meaning continues to expand today. Sculptures are no longer only representational, static, stationery, forms with a solid opaque mass that has been carved out of stone or modeled out of bronze. Sculpture today may be abstract, assembled from different objects, kinetic, change with time, or made out of unconventional materials like light or holograms, as in the work of renowned artist James Turrell. Sculptures may be characterized in relative terms as closed or open forms. A closed-form has a similar feeling to the traditional form of a solid opaque mass. Even if spaces exist within the form, they are contained and confined. A closed-form has an inward-directed focus on the form, itself, isolated from ambient space. An open form is transparent, revealing its structure, and therefore has a more fluid and dynamic relationship with the ambient space.  Negative space is a major component and activating force of an open form sculpture. Pablo Picasso (1881 to 1973), Alexander Calder (1898 to 1976), and Julio Gonzalez (1876 to 1942) are some artists who created open form sculptures, made from wire and other materials. Henry Moore (1898 to 1986), the great English artist who, along with his contemporary, Barbara Hepworth (1903 to 1975), were the two most important British sculptors in modern art, both revolutionized sculpture by being the first to pierce the form of their biomorphic (biolife, morphicform) sculptures. She did so in 1931, and he did in 1932, noting that â€Å"even space can have form† and that â€Å"a hole can have as much shape meaning as a solid mass.†Ã‚   Form in Drawing and Painting In drawing and painting, the illusion of three-dimensional form is conveyed through the use of lighting and shadows, and the rendering of value and tone. Shape is defined by the outer contour of an object, which is how we first perceive it and begin to make sense of it, but light, value, and shadow help to give an object form and context in space so that we can fully identify it. For example, assuming a single light source on a sphere, the highlight is where the light source hits directly; the mid-tone is the middle value on the sphere where the light does not hit directly; the core shadow is the area on the sphere that the light does not hit at all and is the darkest part of the sphere; the cast shadow is the area on surrounding surfaces that is blocked from the light by the object; reflected highlight is light that is reflected back up onto the object from the surrounding objects and surfaces. With these guidelines as to light and shading in mind, any simple shape can be drawn or painted to create the illusion of a three-dimensional form. The greater the contrast in value, the more pronounced the three-dimensional form becomes. Forms that are rendered with little variation in value appear flatter than those that are rendered with greater variation and contrast. Historically, painting has progressed from a flat representation of form and space to a three-dimensional representation of form and space, to abstraction. Egyptian painting was flat, with the human form presented frontally but with the head and feet in profile. The realistic illusion of form did not occur until the Renaissance along with the discovery of perspective. Baroque artists such as Caravaggio (1571 to 1610), explored the nature of space, light, and the three-dimensional experience of space further through the use of chiaroscuro, the strong contrast between light and dark. The portrayal of the human form became much more dynamic, with chiaroscuro and foreshortening giving the forms a sense of solidity and weight and creating a powerful sense of drama. Modernism freed artists to play with the form more abstractly. Artists such as Picasso, with the invention of Cubism, broke up the form to imply movement through space and time. Analyzing an Artwork When analyzing a work of art, a formal analysis is separate from that of its content or context. A formal analysis means applying the elements and principles of art to analyze the work visually. The formal analysis can reveal compositional decisions that help to reinforce content, the work’s essence, meaning, and the artist’s intent, as well as give clues as to historical context. For example, the feelings of mystery, awe, and transcendence that are evoked from some of the most enduring Renaissance masterpieces, such as the Mona Lisa (Leonardo da Vinci, 1517), The Creation of Adam (Michelangelo, 1512),  the Last Supper (Leonardo da Vinci, 1498) are distinct from the formal compositional elements and principles such as line, color, space, shape, contrast, emphasis, etc., the artist used to create the painting and that contribute to its meaning, effect, and timeless quality. Resources and Further Reading Form, Tate Museum, http://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/f/formThe Art of Sculpture, Encyclopedia of Art, http://www.visual-arts-cork.com/sculpture.htmThe hole of life, Tate Museum, http://www.tate.org.uk/context-comment/articles/hole-of-lifeBarbara Hepworth vs Henry Moore, CultureWhisper, https://www.culturewhisper.com/r/article/preview/3670Works of Antoni Gaudi, http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/320Henry Moore Foundation, https://www.henry-moore.orgBarbara Hepworth, https://barbarahepworth.org.ukJames Turrell, http://jamesturrell.com Resources for Teachers The Elements of Art: Form, Grade Level: 3-4, National Gallery of Art, https://www.nga.gov/content/ngaweb/education/teachers/lessons-activities/elements-of-art/form.htmlShape and Form in Art: Instructional Program for Grades K-4, Teacher’s Guide, http://gettingtoknow.com/wp-content/uploads/shapeinartTG.pdf